This guide provides information and examples of the APA style of citation. For more details, see Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association , 5th ed. (2001). BF76.7.P83 2001 . The library has circulating copies and keeps a reserve copy at the Information Services Desk. APA uses a parenthetical documentation style meaning citations appear within the text of a research paper. Each source cited must appear on the Reference Page. Unlike a bibliography, only the sources cited are listed. This provides researchers with a format for cross-referencing their sources from the parenthetical citations in the text to the Reference Page .

   REFERENCE PAGE - Print Sources

Basic Format For Books:

• Each entry should begin with the author's last name, followed by the initial(s) of the first name.
• Separate the names of multiple authors with commas and use the symbol & rather than the word and before the last author listed.
• If no author is listed, begin the entry using the title.
• Date of publication follows, in parentheses.
• The title is next and should be italicized.
• Capitalize only the first word in the title and subtitle except for proper names.
• Include any additional information such as edition or volume in parentheses after the title.
• Place of publication comes next, then the publisher, separated by a colon.
• Use a period and two spaces to separate each part of the entry.
• The list should be alphabetized and double-spaced .
• If the entry is longer than one line, indent the following lines 5 - 7 spaces (or one half inch) from the margin (called a "hanging indention").

• Book - Single Author

Angelou, M. (1994). The Complete Collected Poems of Maya Angelou.                New York:Random House.

• Book - Multiple Authors

Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991). APA Guide to Preparing                Manuscripts for JournalPublication. Washington, DC:                American Psychological Association.

• Chapter or Article in an Edited Book

O'Neil J. M., & Egan, J. (1992). Men's and women's gender role journeys.                In E. K. Wise (Ed.), Gender issues across the life cycle (pp. 107-                123). New York: Springer.

• General Encyclopedia - Unsigned Article

Amendment. (1996). In The Encyclopedia Americana (Vol. 1, p. 668).                 Danbury, CT: Grolier.

• General Encyclopedia - Signed Article

Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The New Encyclopedia Britannica                (Vol. 26, pp. 501-508). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.

• Journal Article - One Author

Farmer, K. U. (1995). Biofeedback and visualization for peak performance.             Journal of Sport Rehabilitation , 4 , 59-64.

• Journal Article – Three To Six Authors

Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C. R., Berry, A., & Harlow, T. (1993).               There's more to self- esteem than whether it is high or low: The               importance of stability of self-esteem. Journal of Personality and               Social Psychology, 65, 1190-1204.

• Journal Article - Each Issue Paged Separately

Sellards, S., & Mills, M. E. (1995). Administrative issues for use of nurse                practitioners. Journal of Nursing Administration , 25 (5), 64-70.

• Magazine Article – One Author

Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's schools.                Time, 135, 28-31.

• Magazine Article - Unsigned

Panther's passage. (1998, May 18). People, 49, 70.

• Newspaper Article – Daily

Weidner, D. (1995, August 28). Scientists have some success against                disease with nicotine . Winston-Salem Journal, pp. B1, B7.

• Newspaper Article - Daily - No Author

Cambodian orphans use Internet to reach out. (1999, January 15).                Winston-Salem Journal, p. A2.

• Review Of A Book, Film or Television Program

Baumeister, R. F. (1993). Exposing the self-knowledge myth [Review of the                book The self knower: A hero under control ]. Contemporary                Psychology, 38, 466- 467.

Electronic Sources

Electronic sources include online databases, online journals, web sites or web pages, newsgroups, web- or e-mail-based discussion groups, and web- or e-mail-based newsletters. For more details, see the American Psychological Association's official web site at: http://www.apastyle.org/elecref.html

Examples:

• Journal Article From An Online Database

Mershon, D. H. (1998, November-December). Star Trek on the brain: Alien                minds, human minds. American Scientist, 86 , 585. Retrieved July                29, 1999, from Academic Search Elite database.

• Chapter Or Section Of An Online Document

The Foundation for a Better World. (2000). Pollution and banana cream                pie. In Great chefs cook with chlorofluorocarbons and carbon                monoxide (Chap. 3). Retrieved July 3, 2001, from:                http://www.bamm.com/cream/pollution/bananas.html

• Web Site

Lynch, T. (1996). DS9 trials and tribble-ations review. Retrieved October                8, 1997, from Psi Phi: Bradley's Science Fiction Club Web site:                http://www.bradley.edu/campusorg/psiphi/DS9/ep/503r.html

Parenthetical Citations

Basic Format:

• Author's last name followed by a comma
• Year of publication
• Add page number for exact quotations
• Enclose in parentheses

Example:

• One recent study finds a genetic link to obesity ( Klep, 2002).
• Note: If the author's last name appears in the citation, then only the year is required.
• Klep finds a genetic link to obesity (2002).

Other Examples:

• More Than One Author With The Same Last Name
  • (H. Thomas, 1999); (W. Thomas, 1980)
    
• Two Or More Works In The Same Parentheses
  • (Fussell, 1975; Caruth, 1996; Showalter, 1997)
    
• Work With Six Or More Authors
  • (Smith et al, 1998)
    
• Specific Part Of A Source
  • (Jones, 1995, chap. 2)
    
• No Known Author
  • Full Title: "North Carolina Tax Increase"
  • Citation: ("North Carolina," 1999)
  
  
• Personal Communication:Source: email message from C. A. Thomas
  • Citation: (C. A. Thomas, personal communication, May 19, 2001)

Reference Page:

• A Few Rules:
  • Put the Reference Page at the end of the paper
  • Begin the list on a separate page using References as the title, centered at the top
  • List the authors, last name first, and alphabetize the list by last names

Parenthetical Citations:

• Use parenthetical citations when:
  • Quoting any words that are not your own
  • Summarizing facts and ideas from a source
  • Paraphrasing a source

• When a quotation is used in the text:
  • Include the page number in the parentheses, separated by a comma
  • If it is 40 words or less, incorporate into text and use double quotation marks
  • If it is longer than 40 words, use double spaced block with no quotation marks, each line indented 5 spaces from left margin

• General Format:
• Typed (12 pt.)
• Times New Roman or Courier font preferred
• Double-spaced throughout the paper
• 27 lines of text maximum per page
• Standard-sized (8.5 X 11 inches) white paper
• Margins of 1 inch on all sides
• Line length 6 ½ inch maximum
• Flush left justification
• Do not split words at the end of line
• Indent the first line of each paragraph
• Pages numbered
  
• Title Page:
  • A running head is used on the title page
  • Flush left following the words RUNNING HEAD on line below the page header
  • Uppercase
  • Less than 50 characters
  • Title is uppercase and lowercase and centered on upper half of page
  • Author's name is uppercase and lowercase, follows title
  • Institution affiliation is uppercase and lowercase, follows author

• Page header
  • Includes the first 2 or 3 words of the title placed 5 spaces to the left of the page number on every page
• Body of Paper:
  • Begins on new page
  • Title of paper is centered on first line below the page header in uppercase and lowercase
  • The introduction (not labeled) starts on the line following the title
  • Headings are used to organize the paper, for example: Method, Results, Discussion

Students should find out the requirements of their instructors. These requirements will take precedence over the requirements given in the APA Publication Manual .